He may also have seduced the Electress Sophia of Brandenburg – not bad going for a Donegal shepherd.

He dabbled in occultism, mastered nine languages and roamed a London underworld of religious heretics, shady political operators and radical republicans. Born a Catholic, Toland became a militant Presbyterian in Glasgow, a free thinker in Holland (he might even have invented the term “free thinker”, along with “pantheism”) and an intellectual bruiser in the coffee houses of Oxford. There is the 18th-century Irishman John Toland, for example, rumoured to be the illegitimate offspring of a priest and a prostitute, who started life as an Irish-speaking shepherd in Donegal and ended up as a renowned European intellectual admired by Leibniz and Voltaire. Showing this means stretching the definition of “philosopher” beyond the usual suspects ( Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Bertrand Russell) to include such authors as Cervantes, Coleridge, Adam Smith, Tom Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), along with a rich assortment of academic oddballs and minor eccentrics. Philosophy, he believes, contains far more variety, invention, originality and oddity than we give it credit for. Jonathan Rée, however, starts his new book in this unconventional way, largely because he is bored by what he calls the “well-worn plots and set-piece battles” of orthodox accounts of the subject. N ot many histories of philosophy begin with Hamlet.

Ac grayling the history of philosophy